ILithium niobate (LiNbO₃, ishunqulelwe njenge LN) yikristale eyenziweyo enemisebenzi emininzi kunye neenjongo ezininzi. leyo idibanisa i-electro-optic egqwesileyo, i-acousto-optic, i-elastic-optic, i-piezoelectric, i-pyroelectric, i-photorefractive effect kunye nezinye iimpawu zomzimba. Ikristale ye-LN yeyenkqubo yekristale eyi-trigonal, enesigaba se-ferroelectric kubushushu begumbi, 3m iqela lamanqaku, kunye R3c iqela lendawo. Ngo-1949, uMatthias kunye noRemeika benza ikristale ye-LN enye, kwaye ngo-1965 uBallman wakhula ngempumelelo ubukhulu bekristale ye-LN.

Ingeminyaka yee-1970 LN ciirystals zaqala ukusetyenziswa ekulungiseleleni i-electro-optic Q-switches. Iikristale ze-LN zineenzuzo zokungabi na-deliquescent, i-voltage ephantsi yesiqingatha-amaza, i-modulation esecaleni, kulula ukwenza i-electrode, ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokugcinwa, njl., kodwa batyekele kwiinguqu ze-photorefractive kwaye banomngcipheko ophantsi we-laser. Ngelo xesha, ubunzima bokulungiselela iikristale eziphezulu ze-optical quality zikhokelela kumgangatho we-crystal ongalinganiyo. Ixesha elide,Iikristale ze-LN zine isetyenziswe kuphela kwindawo ephantsi okanye amandla aphakathi 1064 nm iinkqubo laser.

Ukuze kulungiswe i ingxaki ye ifotorefractive isiphumo, umsebenzi omninzis hayive yenziwe. Ngenxa yokuba i-crystal LN esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyoiphuhliswa ngu i-eutectic ratio yokwakheka okufanayo ye ulwelo oluqinileyo ilizwe, tNazi iziphene ezifana nezithuba ze-lithium kunye ne-anti-niobium kwikristale. Kulula ukulungelelanisa iimpawu ze-crystal ngokutshintsha ukubunjwa kunye ne-doping. Ngowe-1980,yona’s yafumanisa ukuba i-doping LN crystals enomxholo we-magnesium ngaphezu kwe-4.6 mol% yonyukas i ukuchasana nomonakalo wefoto ngomyalelo ongaphezulu kwesinye sobukhulu. Ezinye iikristale ze-anti-photorefractive doped LN ziphuhlisiwe, ezifana ne-zinc-doped, scandium-doped, indium-doped, hafnium-doped, zirconium-doped., njl. Ngokuba idliwe I-LN inomgangatho ophantsi wokukhanya, kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwe-photorefraction kunye nomonakalo we-laser kukungabikho kophando, ibe ayisetyenziswanga ngokubanzi.

Ukulungisa iingxaki ezikhoyo ekukhuleni kobubanzi obukhulu, iikristale ze-LN ezikumgangatho ophezulu, abaphandi iphuhlise inkqubo yokulawula ikhompyuter ngo-2004, eyayisombulula ngcono ingxaki yolawulo olukhulu ngexesha lokukhula kobungakanani obukhulu. LN. Inqanaba lolawulo olulinganayo lwe-diameter liphuculwe kakhulu, elinqoba ukuguquka ngokukhawuleza kobubanzi obubangelwa ukulawulwa kakubi kwenkqubo yokukhula kwe-crystal, kwaye iphucula kakhulu ukufana kwe-optical ye-crystal. Ukufana okubonakalayo kwe-3 kwich Ikristale ye-LN ingcono kune-3 × 10⁻⁵ i-CM⁻¹.

Ngo-2010, umphandis ecetywayo ukuba uxinzelelo LN crystal sesona sizathu siphambili lobushushu uzinzo amahlwempu LN i-electro-optical Q-switch. Ngokwesiseko sekhompyuter-kulawulwa itekhnoloji yedayamitha elinganayo yokukhulisa ikristale ekumgangatho ophezulu we-LN, inkqubo ekhethekileyo yonyango lobushushu isetyenziselwa ukunciphisa intsalela engenanto. Ngo-2013,umntu ucebise ukuba, njengoxinzelelo lwangaphakathi, Uxinzelelo lwangaphandle lokubamba uye efanayo isiphumo kwi tuzinzo lobushushu be-electro-optic Q-switching application ye-LN crystal. Baphuhlisa i itekhnoloji yokuhlanganisa i-elastic ukoyisa ingxaki yoxinzelelo lwangaphandle olubangelwa kukuqina okuqinileyo kwendabuko, kunye obu buchule iye yakhuthazwa kwaye yasetyenziswa kwi-1064 nm series of lasers.

Ngexesha elifanayo, kuba i-crystal ye-LN inayo banzi Ibhendi yokuhambisa ukukhanya kunye ne-coefficient enkulu ye-electro-optic esebenzayo, inokusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ze-laser ye-waveband ye-infrared, njenge-2 μm kwaye 2.28 μm.

Ixesha elide, nangona umsebenzi omninzis hayive lwenziwa kwiikristale ze-LN, kusekho ukunqongophala kophando olucwangcisiweyo LN’s iipropathi ze-infrared photorefractive, i-intrinsic laser threshold yomonakalo, kunye nefuthe lomatshini wedoping kumda womonakalo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-electro-optical Q-switchingyekristale ye-LN izise ukubhideka okukhulu. Kwangaxeshanye, ukubunjwa kweekristale ze-LN kuyinkimbinkimbi, kwaye iintlobo kunye nobungakanani beziphene zininzi, ezikhokelela ekuhlukeni.ce eveliswa ziziko ezahlukeneyo, iibhetshi ezahlukeneyo, kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo ezifanayo iqhekeza lekristale. Kusenokubakho umahluko omkhulu kumgangatho weekristale. Kunzima ukulawula ukuhambelana kokusebenza kwezixhobo ze-electro-optic Q-switched, ezithintela ukusetyenziswa kwe-electro-optic Q-switching ye-crystals ye-LN ukuya kwinqanaba elithile.

Umgangatho ophezulu we-LN Pockels iseli eyenziwe yi-WISOPTIC